211 SRI RAMAKRISHNA MISSION VIDYALYA POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE.

  How does Plugging Work? Plugging in DC Motor We know that a DC motor has two terminals from the armature coil - Positive and Negative. So if we interchange armature coil terminals, the direction of the current flow through the armature coil will change as well as the magnetic field, so the motor will stop. But remember that the field terminal should not be interchanged it should be kept as before. Also one more important thing is when we reverse the polarity of the armature voltage, Back EMF no longer opposes the supply voltage.  In fact, both the supply voltage and back emf will work in the direction. So there is a chance of high current flow due to the combination of back emf and supply voltage so it is good to connect a resistance to limit the current.

ENERGY-HARVESTING WIRELESS SENSORS Energy-Harvesting Wireless Sensors are smart sensor systems that capture small amounts of energy from the surrounding environment and use that energy to power the sensor and wireless communication circuit .The main advantage is that they can operate with little or no battery replacement , making them useful for remote and difficult-to-access locations. Basic Concept A conventional wireless sensor normally requires: Battery → Sensor → Microcontroller → Wireless Communication An energy-harvesting sensor replaces or supplements the battery with an energy-harvesting device : Environmental Energy → Energy Harvester → Power Management → Sensor → Microcontroller → Wireless Communication For example, a sensor installed on an industrial motor can harvest energy from machine vibration and use it to measure vibration or temperature and transmit the data wirelessly. What is Energy Harvesting? Energy harvesting is the process of collecting small a...

  Introduction Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) are emerging technologies that enable machines and electronic systems to perform tasks that normally require human intelligence. AI helps machines understand, reason, and make decisions , while ML enables systems to learn from data and improve their performance without being explicitly programmed . How It Works AI systems use algorithms and data to make decisions or perform tasks. In ML, large amounts of data are used to train models to identify patterns and make predictions. Sensors and electronic devices collect real-time data, which can then be processed using AI/ML algorithms.   Applications in Electrical & Electronics Engineering Smart Grids – Predicting electricity demand and detecting faults Renewable Energy – Forecasting solar and wind power generation Electric Vehicles – Battery monitoring, energy management, and predictive maintenance Industrial Automation – Intelligent control ...

  Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV) A type of electric vehicle in which fuel cell technology is used for generating electricity to power up the electric motors and propel the vehicle is called a  fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV) . In FCEVs, high pressure hydrogen gas is used as the fuel. It is stored in a leakproof storage tank. This hydrogen gas is fed from the storage tank into fuel cells where it reacts with oxygen to produce electricity and water vapors. This generated electricity is then utilized for operating electric motors. The fuel cell electric vehicles are also known as zero-emission vehicles because they do produce any kind of emission. The block diagram of a typical fuel cell electric vehicle is shown in the following figure. The main components of a fuel cell electric vehicle are explained as follows Electric Motors  In FCEVs, electric motors are used to convert electricity into mechanical energy which is then used for rotating wheels of the vehicle. Fuel C...

  Supercapacitors store energy and have higher capacitance values and lower voltage limits than traditional capacitors and can function somewhat like rechargeable batteries. Graphene supercapacitors are supercapacitors that use graphene in place of activated carbon in their electrodes. A supercapacitor, which can often store almost as much energy as a lithium-ion battery, offers the advantages of increased energy storage. Supercapacitors allow for the power density of capacitors — they can deliver a lot of energy in quick bursts — while also providing high energy storage capabilities and charging incredibly rapidly. Graphene helps enhance supercapacitors because it is exceptionally conductive, so graphene supercapacitors are ideal for high-frequency applications, whereas traditional supercapacitors are not. Graphene allows for structuring and scaling down, so it has applications in computer processing units (CPUs) and integrated circuits where standard capacitor materials do not. ...

  AI-ASSISTED VLSI / EDA AI-assisted VLSI/EDA means using Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML), and increasingly LLMs to automate or optimize different stages of semiconductor chip design.Normally, designing a chip involves many complex steps such as RTL design → synthesis → floorplanning → placement → routing → timing analysis → verification . EDA tools perform these tasks, but finding the best design parameters can require enormous computation and engineering effort.AI can learn from previous designs and predict which design choices are likely to produce better power, performance, and area (PPA) . Basic concept The traditional approach is: Design → EDA tool → Analyze → Change parameters → Run again → Analyze again This can require thousands of iterations. With AI: Design data → ML model → Predict good parameters → EDA tool → Analyze → Feedback → Optimize So AI acts as an optimization assistant for the EDA flow. Block Diagram AI can have a significant impact on...

  Introduction 6G (Sixth Generation) Technology is the next-generation wireless communication technology being developed beyond 5G. It is expected to provide extremely high data speeds, ultra-low latency, intelligent connectivity, and seamless communication between humans, machines, and devices . 6G is expected to play an important role in future smart cities, robotics, autonomous systems, and advanced industrial applications.   Working Principle 6G is expected to use very high-frequency bands, including sub-THz frequencies , along with advanced antenna systems, AI-based network management, massive MIMO, intelligent reflecting surfaces, and integrated sensing and communication . These technologies will enable faster and more intelligent communication between connected devices. Applications / Where It Is Used Smart Cities – Intelligent traffic, energy, and public infrastructure Autonomous Vehicles – Vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure communication Indus...

  FIBER OPTIC SENSORS What is a Fiber Optic Sensor?                                         A Fiber Optic Sensor (FOS) is a sensor that uses optical fibers (glass or plastic fibers) to detect physical quantities such as temperature, pressure, strain, displacement, vibration, or light . Instead of electrical signals, it uses light to measure changes in the environment. Definition A Fiber Optic Sensor is a sensor in which light travels through an optical fiber, and changes in the light's intensity, phase, wavelength, polarization, or travel time are used to measure a physical parameter. Basic Principle A light source sends light into an optical fiber. When the fiber is affected by a physical quantity (such as temperature or pressure), the properties of the light change. These cha...

  AI-ASSISTED ELECTRONIC DESIGN AUTOMATION (EDA) Introduction                                                       AI-Assisted Electronic Design Automation (EDA) is the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) techniques into Electronic Design Automation (EDA) tools to automate, optimize, and accelerate the design of integrated circuits (ICs), printed circuit boards (PCBs), and electronic systems. Traditional EDA tools require engineers to manually configure design parameters, write scripts, analyze reports, and debug complex circuits. AI-assisted EDA reduces manual effort by learning from previous designs and automatically suggesting optimal solutions. What is Electronic Design Auto...