211 SRI RAMAKRISHNA MISSION VIDYALYA POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE.

  A R elay module is an electrically operated switch that allows a low-power microcontroller (like an Arduino or Raspberry Pi) to safely control high-power, high-voltage devices, such as motors, lights, and fans . It isolates sensitive control circuits from voltage spikes and dangerous electrical loads.  How It Works A relay module essentially acts as a bridge between two independent circuits: the low-voltage control circuit and the high-voltage load circuit.  The Low-Power Side (Control): Connected to a microcontroller (e.g., 5V or 12V), this side features pins for Ground (GND), Power (VCC), and a Trigger Signal (IN). When the microcontroller sends a signal to trigger the relay, it activates a small electromagnet inside.   The High-Power Side (Load): This side features heavy-duty screw terminals labeled as Normally Open (NO), Normally Closed (NC), and Common (COM). When the electromagnet is activated, it mechanically flips the switch to complete the circuit betwee...

  Static Wireless Charging    As the name indicates, the vehicle gets charged when it remains static. So here we could simply park the EV at the parking spot or in the garage, which is incorporated with WCS. The transmitter is fitted underneath the ground, and the receiver is arranged in vehicles underneath.  To charge the vehicle, align the transmitter and receiver and leave it for charging. The charging time depends on the AC supply power level, the distance between the transmitter & receiver and their pad sizes. This SWCS is best built in areas where EVs are being parked for a certain time interval.

  A smart grid is an advanced power grid that uses digital technology to monitor and manage the flow of electricity to improve the efficiency and reliability of the electricity supply. Smart grids use two-way communication between the utility and the consumer, better managing the delivery of electricity and responding to changing demand. This trend in electrical engineering also allows renewable energy sources and storage technologies to provide a more sustainable energy supply.

  Wireless Electric Vehicle Charging System (WEVCS) uses resonant inductive coupling to transfer power without physical cables .  A transmitter pad on the ground creates a magnetic field that a receiver pad on the car's underside captures and converts into DC power, operating similarly to a giant wireless phone charger. How the Technology Works Components: A ground assembly (charging pad + electronics) and a vehicle assembly (receiver coil + controller) . Process: The system typically boasts 92% to 94% efficiency . Once parked, the coils communicate via Wi-Fi or Bluetooth to align properly before transferring energy.   Types of Charging: Stationary: Charges the vehicle while parked in a garage or designated lot. Dynamic: Transfers power from transmitter pads embedded directly underneath roadways.  

   A H orn gap arrester is a protective device used in electrical power systems to safeguard transformers, insulators, and transmission lines from high-voltage surges caused by lightning . It uses an air gap that arcs over during a surge, diverting the excess voltage safely to the ground.  Construction and Parts Horn-Shaped Electrodes: Two metal rods shaped like horns, separated by a small distance. The gap gradually widens as it moves upward. Series Resistance: Connected to one side to limit the flow of follow-through current after the surge has discharged. Choke Coil: Connected to the line side; it offers low reactance to normal frequencies but high reactance to high-frequency transients, preventing surges from entering the protected equipment. Porcelain Insulators: Used to mount the horns safely on the poles. [ 1 , 2 , 3 ] Working Principle Under normal operating voltages, the air gap acts as an insulator, preventing current from jumping between the horns. When a...

  Introduction to Electric Vehicles (EVs) Electric Vehicles (EVs) are vehicles that operate using electric motors instead of conventional internal combustion engines (petrol or diesel). Electrical energy is stored in rechargeable batteries and supplied to the motor for vehicle movement. EV technology is one of the fastest-growing emerging technologies in Electrical and Electronics Engineering because of its energy efficiency and environmental benefits. Working Principle In an EV, electrical energy stored in the battery pack is delivered to the electric motor through a power electronics controller . The motor converts electrical energy into mechanical energy to drive the wheels. During braking, regenerative braking recovers some energy and stores it back in the battery. Main Components Battery Pack – Stores electrical energy Electric Motor – Converts electrical energy into mechanical motion Power Electronics Controller – Controls and manages power flow Charging...