211 SRI RAMAKRISHNA MISSION VIDYALYA POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE.

                                                   ULTRASONIC  SENSORS Definition An Ultrasonic Sensor is an electronic device that measures the distance to an object using high-frequency sound waves (ultrasonic waves). These sound waves have a frequency greater than 20 kHz, which is beyond the range of human hearing. Most ultrasonic sensors operate at 40 kHz. Block Diagram Construction An ultrasonic sensor consists of: Transmitter (TX): Produces ultrasonic sound waves. Receiver (RX): Receives the reflected sound waves (echo). Control Circuit: Calculates the time taken by the echo to return. Output Pins: Provide digital or analog output to a controller. Working Principle The transmitter emits ultrasonic sound waves. The waves travel through the air. When they strike an object, they are reflected back. The receiv...

                    6G Communication Technology Introduction G (Sixth Generation) Communication Technology is the next generation of wireless communication after 5G . It is expected to provide ultra-high speed, ultra-low latency, high reliability, and intelligent communication by integrating Artificial Intelligence (AI) into the network.6G is expected to become commercially available around 2030 and will support advanced applications such as holographic communication, smart cities, autonomous vehicles, and Industry 5.0. Block Diagram Working Principle ·   A user sends data through a 6G-enabled device . ·   The data is transmitted using high-frequency radio waves (such as Terahertz waves). ·   6G base stations receive and forward the data. ·   AI-based network management selects the best communication path. ·   The receiver gets the data with very high speed and minimal delay.   Comparison of 5G ...

  Li-Fi (Light Fidelity) Communication Introduction Li-Fi (Light Fidelity) is a wireless communication technology that uses visible light from LED bulbs to transmit data instead of radio waves used in Wi-Fi. It is a form of Visible Light Communication (VLC) that enables high-speed internet and data transmission through light.Li-Fi was first introduced by Professor Harald Haas in 2011, who demonstrated that LED light can be used for both illumination and wireless communication. Definition Li-Fi is a wireless communication technology that transmits data using the rapid switching (blinking) of LED light, which is invisible to the human eye. Block Diagram Working Principle Li-Fi works based on the principle of   Visible Light Communication (VLC). Step 1: Data Input The internet or digital data is supplied to an LED lamp. Step 2: LED Modulation The LED switches ON and OFF at an extremely high speed (millions of times per second). This rapid blinking represen...

  Dynamic Wireless Charging System (DWCS): Dynamic wireless charging enables wireless charging of electric cars while driving.  As the name indicates, here vehicles get charged while in motion. The power is transferred over the air from a stationary transmitter to the receiver coil in a moving vehicle.  By using DWCS EVs, the travelling range could be improved with the continuous charging of its battery while driving on roadways and highways It reduces the need for large energy storage, which further reduces the weight of the vehicle.

  Introduction 5G (Fifth Generation) Technology is the latest generation of wireless communication technology, designed to provide ultra-fast internet speeds, low latency, and high network capacity . It enables seamless communication between devices and supports emerging technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI), autonomous vehicles, and smart cities. 5G is a major advancement in Electrical, Electronics, and Communication Engineering. Working Principle 5G uses high-frequency radio waves (Sub-6 GHz and Millimeter Waves) along with advanced technologies such as Massive MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output), Beamforming, and Small Cell Networks . These technologies improve data transmission speed, reduce network congestion, and provide reliable communication with minimal delay. Main Components 5G Base Stations (Small Cells) Massive MIMO Antenna Systems Beamforming Technology Core Network User Equipment (5G Smartphones, IoT Dev...

  Automated Circuit Breaker An  Automated Circuit Breaker (ACB)  is a protective switching device that  automatically detects abnormal electrical conditions (overload, short circuit, earth fault, etc.) and disconnects the power supply  to protect people, equipment, and electrical installations. Modern automated circuit breakers can also include  remote monitoring, automatic reclosing, communication, and IoT-based control . Types of Automated Circuit Breakers MCB (Miniature Circuit Breaker) Current Rating: Up to 125 A Protects against overload and short circuit Used in residential and commercial buildings MCCB (Moulded Case Circuit Breaker) Current Rating: Up to 2500 A Adjustable trip settings Used in industries and commercial power distribution ACB (Air Circuit Breaker) Current Rating: 800 A to 6300 A Used for low-voltage power distribution systems Suitable for generator and transformer protection VCB (Vacuum Circuit Breaker) Used for medium-voltage applica...