211 SRI RAMAKRISHNA MISSION VIDYALYA POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE.

  Supercapacitors store energy and have higher capacitance values and lower voltage limits than traditional capacitors and can function somewhat like rechargeable batteries. Graphene supercapacitors are supercapacitors that use graphene in place of activated carbon in their electrodes. A supercapacitor, which can often store almost as much energy as a lithium-ion battery, offers the advantages of increased energy storage. Supercapacitors allow for the power density of capacitors — they can deliver a lot of energy in quick bursts — while also providing high energy storage capabilities and charging incredibly rapidly. Graphene helps enhance supercapacitors because it is exceptionally conductive, so graphene supercapacitors are ideal for high-frequency applications, whereas traditional supercapacitors are not. Graphene allows for structuring and scaling down, so it has applications in computer processing units (CPUs) and integrated circuits where standard capacitor materials do not. ...

  AI-ASSISTED VLSI / EDA AI-assisted VLSI/EDA means using Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML), and increasingly LLMs to automate or optimize different stages of semiconductor chip design.Normally, designing a chip involves many complex steps such as RTL design → synthesis → floorplanning → placement → routing → timing analysis → verification . EDA tools perform these tasks, but finding the best design parameters can require enormous computation and engineering effort.AI can learn from previous designs and predict which design choices are likely to produce better power, performance, and area (PPA) . Basic concept The traditional approach is: Design → EDA tool → Analyze → Change parameters → Run again → Analyze again This can require thousands of iterations. With AI: Design data → ML model → Predict good parameters → EDA tool → Analyze → Feedback → Optimize So AI acts as an optimization assistant for the EDA flow. Block Diagram AI can have a significant impact on...

  Introduction 6G (Sixth Generation) Technology is the next-generation wireless communication technology being developed beyond 5G. It is expected to provide extremely high data speeds, ultra-low latency, intelligent connectivity, and seamless communication between humans, machines, and devices . 6G is expected to play an important role in future smart cities, robotics, autonomous systems, and advanced industrial applications.   Working Principle 6G is expected to use very high-frequency bands, including sub-THz frequencies , along with advanced antenna systems, AI-based network management, massive MIMO, intelligent reflecting surfaces, and integrated sensing and communication . These technologies will enable faster and more intelligent communication between connected devices. Applications / Where It Is Used Smart Cities – Intelligent traffic, energy, and public infrastructure Autonomous Vehicles – Vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure communication Indus...

  FIBER OPTIC SENSORS What is a Fiber Optic Sensor?                                         A Fiber Optic Sensor (FOS) is a sensor that uses optical fibers (glass or plastic fibers) to detect physical quantities such as temperature, pressure, strain, displacement, vibration, or light . Instead of electrical signals, it uses light to measure changes in the environment. Definition A Fiber Optic Sensor is a sensor in which light travels through an optical fiber, and changes in the light's intensity, phase, wavelength, polarization, or travel time are used to measure a physical parameter. Basic Principle A light source sends light into an optical fiber. When the fiber is affected by a physical quantity (such as temperature or pressure), the properties of the light change. These cha...

  AI-ASSISTED ELECTRONIC DESIGN AUTOMATION (EDA) Introduction                                                       AI-Assisted Electronic Design Automation (EDA) is the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) techniques into Electronic Design Automation (EDA) tools to automate, optimize, and accelerate the design of integrated circuits (ICs), printed circuit boards (PCBs), and electronic systems. Traditional EDA tools require engineers to manually configure design parameters, write scripts, analyze reports, and debug complex circuits. AI-assisted EDA reduces manual effort by learning from previous designs and automatically suggesting optimal solutions. What is Electronic Design Auto...