211 SRI RAMAKRISHNA MISSION VIDYALYA POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE.

  The S series was for Schottky logic and is logically and also electrically compatible to the LS and mostly HC series. LS stands for Low Power Schottky and the difference to the Schottky family was that it uses a lot less power but is not as fast. However for most practical purposes LS is by far fast enough and Schottky was even 40 years ago pretty difficult to get and very pricy and that certainly hasn't gotten better. For most practical purposes you can probably use HC series too, which are slightly slower but even more low power than LS. The main difference between HC and LS is the logic levels, with HC requiring a minimum of 3.5 V@5Vcc  at the input for the Hi logic level while LS has the standard TTL level of anything above 2.0 V@5Vcc being logic 1. So you have to be careful what you connect to the input of HC logic circuits. Normal TTL outputs are only guaranteed to drive at least 2.4 V@5Vcc and will not be able to drive HC logic inputs reliable.

 What is a PMMC Instrument? The term PMMC is the short form of “permanent magnet moving coil”. This instrument is simple as well as most frequently used on ships with sophisticated names. These instruments are used when an exact measurement is required as well as to aid while maintaining electrical equipment. Apart from PMMC, it is also called as D’alvanometer. It is a kind of galvanometer that works on the principle of D’Arsonval. PMMC Instrument PMMC Instrument These instruments use permanent magnets to create the stationary magnetic field in the coils, and then it is used with the moving coil that is connected to the electric source for generating deflection torque according to the Fleming left-hand rule theory.

  Advantages and Disadvantages of High Voltage Direct Current The advantages of the high voltage direct current transmission are Current charging is absent No proximity and No skin effect No stability problem Due to reduced dielectric losses, the current carrying capacity of HVDC cable is large Compared to AC transmission the radio interference and the corona power loss are less Less insulating devices are required compared to AC the switching surges are lower in DC There are no Ferranti effects Voltage regulation The disadvantages of the high voltage direct current transmission are Expensive Complex Power faults Causes radio noise Difficult grounding Installation cost is high

  Half Adder Vs. Full Adder: What is the Difference Between Half Adder and Full Adder? Both Half and Full adders are combinational logic circuits, and they both differ from each other in the aspect of input processing. Any combinational circuit is devoid of memory elements- they only comprise the logic gates. There is a primary difference between half adder and full adder. Half adder only adds the current inputs as 1-bit numbers and does not focus on the previous inputs. On the other hand, Full Adder can easily carry the current inputs as well as the output from the previous additions.  Before we let us look into more difference between half adder and full adder, let us know a bit more about them individually. What is a Half Adder? It is a combinational logic circuit. You can design it by connecting one AND gate and one EX-OR gate. A half-adder circuit consists of two input terminals- namely A and B. Both of these add two input digits (one-bit numbers) and generate the output in the fo

  What is CMOS? CMOS stands for Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor. It is a type of technology used in the manufacturing of computer processors, memory chips, and other digital devices. CMOS technology uses a combination of metal, oxide, and semiconductor materials to create electronic circuits that are low-power and highly reliable. How does CMOS relate to computers? CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor) is a type of technology used in computer processors, memory chips, and other electronic components. It helps to regulate the flow of electricity through these components, which is crucial for proper functioning. What is the purpose of CMOS in computers? The main purpose of CMOS in computers is to store important system settings and configurations such as the date and time, boot order, hardware settings, and password information. This information is stored in a small battery-powered chip on the motherboard called the CMOS battery.

  There are various types of proximity sensors available. Ultrasound sensor, which we discussed in another article for measuring distance, can also be used as a proximity sensor. In this article however, we will consider IR proximity sensor. A typical IR proximity sensor looks like the one below − There is an IR Emitter LED and an IR Receiver (photodiode). As you can see, the sensor has 3 pins (VCC, GND and OUT). The OUT pin gives a LOW signal when the there is an obstacle which acts as a reflecting surface, and the light from the LED is reflected back to the received. Using the property of the OUT pin (LOW when obstacle is detected), we can program our Arduino to determine if an object is nearby. Circuit Diagram The Circuit Diagram is shown below − As you can see, the Vcc pin is connected to 5V on Arduino, GND to GND, and OUT to pin 7.

 TNEB Bill Calculator, Per Unit Rate 2023-24, House, Commercial TNEB Bill Calculator: Enter the total unit consumed in Units or kWh. Then press the calculate button to see the result of total electricity consumption. Our TNEB bill Calculator works based on the new tariff declared by TN Government for the financial year 2023-24 What is Tariff: The way of charging your electricity bill based on the consumption with different charges is called a tariff. i.e you have consumed 600 units means, you get different prices for each step of unit levels. You get small money for low units up to 100 and small amount hike with another level up to 200 units and again small hike for 500 units levels. TNEB Electrical tariff Rate 2023-24: As per the latest Provisional Tariff subsidy for FY 2023-24 by the Government of Tamil Nadu, TNEB domestic tariff is splitted by two such as the rate for one unit varies between the consumption less than 500 units and above 500 units. Note:  The per unit rate for the si

  Applications of Eddy Currents: In the case of  induction heating , an iron shaft is placed as a core of an induction coil.  A large amount of heat is produced at the outermost part of the shaft by the eddy current when the high-frequency current is passed through the coil. At the centre of the shaft, the amount of heat reduces. This is because the outermost periphery of the shaft offers a low resistance path for the eddy currents.  This process is used in automobiles for surface hardening of heavy shafts. The effect of eddy current is also used in electrical instruments like in induction type energy meters for providing braking torque For providing damping torque in permanent magnet moving coil instruments. Eddy current instruments are used for detecting cracks in metal parts. Used in trains having eddy currents brakes.

  Definition of LASER The LASER works on the principle of stimulated emission of radiation. Thus, it is called Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. The stimulated emission is the emission of the photon by striking the atom with the similar photon. If electrical energy is supplied to the electron at the lower energy level, it will jump from valence band to conduction band absorbing the additional energy supplied to it. This process is called Absorption.