211 SRI RAMAKRISHNA MISSION VIDYALYA POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE.

  Allen Bradley Programmable Controller with programmer Allen-Bradley PLC installed in a control panel Allen-Bradley  is the brand-name of a line of  factory automation  equipment owned by  Rockwell Automation . The company, with revenues of approximately US $6.4  billion  in 2013, manufactures programmable logic controllers ( PLC ),  human-machine  interfaces,  sensors , safety components and systems, software,  drives  and drive systems,  contactors , motor control centers, and systems of such products.  Rockwell Automation also provides asset-management services including repair and consulting. Rockwell Automation's headquarters is in  Milwaukee, Wisconsin . Types of AB PLC       The history of Rockwell Automation goes back to 1903.The Compression Rheostat Company was founded by Lynde Bradley and Dr. Stanton Allen and has an initial investment of $1,000.In 1904, Harry Bradley, 19 years old, and his brother joined the business. The Rockwell Automation factory equipment line brand

  What is a Transducer? A transducer is a device that converts one form of energy into another form of energy . While  an electrical transducer converts one form of energy into an electrical signal .  A  speaker is said to be a transducer  as it can change an electrical signal into sound energy. But a microphone is an electrical transducer because it converts sound energy into an electrical signal. The output of a transducer is proportional to the input or measured quantity applied to it.  For instance, temperature, pressure, light, sound, position, and other quantities are converted into their proportional electrical signal using a transducer such as a thermometer, piezoelectric transducer, potentiometer, microphone, etc.

What is a Sensor and How does it Work? Sensor - Block Diagram Sensor is a module or chip that observes the changes happening in the physical world and sends the feedback to the microcontroller or microprocessor. Excitation (Power supply) and Grounding must be provided to the sensor for the proper working. Classification of Sensors Microcontroller accepts two types of inputs depending up on the type of sensor i.e. analog or digital. Analog sensor senses the external parameters (wind speed, solar radiation, light intensity etc.) and gives analog voltage as an output. The output voltage may be in the range of 0 to 5V. Logic High is treated as “1” (3.5 to 5V) and Logic Low is indicated by “0” (0 to 3.5 V). Analog Sensor - Block Diagram: Unlike analog sensor, Digital Sensor produce discrete values (0 and 1’s). Discrete values often called digital (binary) signals in digital communication. Digital Sensor – Block Diagram:

  What is an IR Sensor? IR sensor is an electronic device, that emits the light in order to sense some object of the surroundings.  An  IR sensor  can measure the heat of an object as well as detects the motion.  Usually, in the  infrared spectrum , all the objects radiate some form of thermal radiation. These types of radiations are invisible to our eyes, but infrared sensor can detect these radiations. The emitter is simply an IR LED  (Light Emitting Diode ) and the detector is simply an IR photodiode .  Photodiode is sensitive to IR light of the same wavelength which is emitted by the IR LED. When IR light falls on the photodiode, the resistances and the output voltages will change in proportion to the magnitude of the IR light received.

  power factor meters it is very essential to understand what are the needs of power factor meter? Why we do not directly calculate power factor in an AC circuit just by dividing the power with product of current and voltage because these readings can be easily obtained from wattmeter , ammeter and voltmeter . Obviously there various limitations of using this method as it may not provide high accuracy, also chances of increment of error is very high. Therefore this method is not adopted in industrial world. Measurement of power factor accurately is very essential everywhere. In power transmission system and distribution system we measure power factor at every station and electrical substation using these power factor meters .Power factor measurement provides us the knowledge of type of loads that we are using and helps in calculation of losses happening during the power transmission system and distribution. Hence we need a separate device for calculating the power factor accurat

  Topology defines the structure of the network of how all the components are interconnected to each other. There are two types of topology: physical and logical topology. Types of Network Topology Physical topology is the geometric representation of all the nodes in a network. There are six types of network topology which are Bus Topology, Ring Topology, Tree Topology, Star Topology, Mesh Topology, and Hybrid Topology. 1) Bus Topology The bus topology is designed in such a way that all the stations are connected through a single cable known as a backbone cable. Each node is either connected to the backbone cable by drop cable or directly connected to the backbone cable. When a node wants to send a message over the network, it puts a message over the network. All the stations available in the network will receive the message whether it has been addressed or not. The bus topology is mainly used in 802.3 (ethernet) and 802.4 standard networks.Ring Topology RING TOPOLOGY  Ring topology is

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