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STEPPER MOTOR INTERFACING

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  The Stepper motor is a brushless DC motor that divides the full rotation angle of 360° into a number of equal steps. The motor is rotated by applying a certain sequence of control signals. The speed of rotation can be changed by changing the rate at which the control signals are applied. Various stepper motors with different step angles and torque ratings are available in the market. A microcontroller can be used to apply different control signals to the motor to make it rotate according to the need of the application. For more information about Stepper Motor and how to use it, refer to the topic Stepper Motor in the sensors and modules section. The Stepper motor is a brushless DC motor that divides the full rotation angle of 360° into a number of equal steps. The motor is rotated by applying a certain sequence of control signals. The speed of rotation can be changed by changing the rate at which the control signals are applied. Various stepper motors with different step...
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Energy Storage 2.0 – Beyond Lithium-Ion

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  As the world moves toward renewable energy and electric mobility, energy storage has become the backbone of modern power systems. For years, lithium-ion batteries have dominated the market — powering everything from smartphones to electric cars. But the future demands bigger, faster, and greener storage solutions . Welcome to Energy Storage 2.0 . ⚡ Why Move Beyond Lithium-Ion? Lithium-ion batteries are efficient but face challenges: Resource Limitations: Lithium and cobalt are expensive and limited. Recycling Issues: Hard to dispose of safely. Energy Density Limits: Not enough for grid-scale, long-duration storage. This has led researchers to explore next-generation storage solutions . Advanced Energy Storage Technologies Flow Batteries Store energy in liquid electrolytes. Ideal for large-scale renewable integration . Long life cycle and easy scalability. Solid-State Batteries Replace liquid electrolytes with solid ones. Higher safety ,...
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Best AI Tools for PPT Presentation

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Best AI Tools for PPT Presentation  1. PI.INC  https://www.pi.inc/home?gad_source=1&gad_campaignid=22917578877&gclid=Cj0KCQjw58PGBhCkARIsADbDilxcKIpdwswfdaa9wPv4qJXU8QgLzs4hGHTjkUwDJcIWVAzjPs6K2-8aAoHSEALw_wcB  2. CANVA https://www.canva.com/create/ai-presentations/?utm_source=google_sem&utm_medium=cpc&utm_campaign=in_en_web_seeding-product_canva_lower_acq_Presentation_em&utm_adgroup=AI+Presentations&utm_keyword=ai+presentation+maker&gclsrc=aw.ds&gad_source=1&gad_campaignid=22764693091&gclid=Cj0KCQjw58PGBhCkARIsADbDilzahHAcBlMAv5QRwXNM9zOW31ufaTIe-BcTTxE8wwUgfD8YNdrq5ToaAsJeEALw_wcB 3. GAMMA https://gamma.app/ai-powerpoint 4. PRESENTATION AI https://www.presentations.ai/  5.  IBM https://www.ibm.com/solutions/ai-agents?utm_content=SRCWW&p1=Search&p4=342766824128&p5=p&p9=181410761891&gclsrc=aw.ds&gad_source=1&gad_campaignid=22297711081&gclid=Cj0KCQjw58PGBhCkARIsADbDilzVc0Z16gxTQr-hs_7PAZrW005...
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⚡ Power Electronics in Industry 4.0 – Driving the Next Industrial Revolution

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  Industry 4.0 is here — factories are becoming smart, connected, and automated . Behind this transformation is a key enabler: Power Electronics . From controlling motors to integrating renewable energy into industrial grids, power electronics is shaping the future of manufacturing. What is Power Electronics? Power electronics deals with the conversion, control, and conditioning of electric power using semiconductor devices. Examples include: AC-DC Converters (Rectifiers) DC-AC Converters (Inverters) DC-DC Converters AC-AC Controllers In Industry 4.0, these converters are becoming smarter, faster, and more efficient . Role of Power Electronics in Industry 4.0 Motor Drives & Automation Variable Frequency Drives (VFDs) for precise motor control. Energy-efficient operation of pumps, conveyors, and robots. Integration of Renewable Energy Solar and wind power integrated with factory microgrids. Inverters maintain stable power even with fluctu...
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TYPES OF MODERN SIMULATOR

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 Modern simulators for electronics  allow you to virtually design, test, and analyze circuits using mathematical models to replicate real-world behavior , often using  SPICE-based software  with graphical interfaces (GUI) for user-friendliness and online platforms for accessibility. Key examples include  NI Multisim , a comprehensive tool for education and industry;  Tinkercad Circuits , an easy-to-use web-based option for beginners; and  QSpice , a popular, free SPICE simulator known for its powerful simulation capabilities.   Popular Modern Simulators NI Multisim: National Instruments  offers an interactive, touch-optimized online environment for circuit design and SPICE simulation, widely used in education and industry.   Tinkercad Circuits: Developed by Autodesk, this web-based platform is known for its ease of use and is a great starting point for learning electronics.   QSpice: QSpice, a free circuit simulator is a powerful an...
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Construction of Mercury Vapor Lamp

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  Construction of Mercury Vapor Lamp The construction and circuit for a mercury vapor lamp is shown in the figure below. It consists of an inner tube containing mercury vapor and it is made of hard glass. It also has an outer glass cover which protects the inner tube from coming in direct contact with the atmospheric temperature variations and also absorbs the UV rays emitted by the lamp during operation. The inner tube has a percentage of argon gas. The lamp has two main electrodes viz. main electrode 1 & 2, which are made of tungsten wire and an auxiliary (or starting) electrode which is spaced very close to one of the main electrodes.
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Maintenance of Medical Devices

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The aim of medical equipment maintenance is to inhibit medical device failures or inaccuracies; it’s essentially risk management. The simplest method is to develop preventive maintenance (PM) schedules strictly based on the Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) recommendations, because they state testing steps and recommended testing tools in their service manuals. This can affect decision making during procurement of test tools. It’s important to realise that references to specific devices are irrelevant if the same technological measurement characteristics exist. The same applies to alterations of PM procedures. A department can implement their own alternative maintenance schedule, if there is documented evidence that patient care is not adversely affected. Carefully selected biomedical test tools can lead to improved efficiencies, whilst producing reliable data, mitigating risk, and ensuring medical device quality assurance.
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