211 SRI RAMAKRISHNA MISSION VIDYALYA POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE.

  The Kundah Power Station, a run-of-river with pondage project, was commissioned in 1960 and currently owned by Tamil Nadu Generation and Distribution.  It consists of multiple phases, each with a specific machine capacity and turbine type.  The total installed capacity across all phases is 306.6 MW,  according to Power Technology .   Here's a breakdown of the different phases and their specifications:   Kundah (Kundah I): 3 turbines with 20MW nameplate capacity each, using Andritz Hydro Pelton turbines. Kundah (Kundah II): 5 turbines with 35MW nameplate capacity each, also using Andritz Hydro Pelton turbines. Kundah (Kundah V): 1 turbine with 20MW nameplate capacity, utilizing an Andritz Hydro Francis turbine. Kundah (Kundah V): 1 turbine with 21.6MW nameplate capacity, utilizing a Bharat Heavy Electricals Francis turbine. Kundah (Kundah VI): 1 turbine with 30MW nameplate capacity, using a Litostroj Engineering Francis turbine. In addition to these, there...

What is a Microcontroller? The microcontroller is a mini computer with an operations and control unit embedded in an integrated circuit. It commonly comprises of a microprocessor unit, System memory – Random Access Memory (RAM), Read Only Memory (ROM) or Flash memory and I/O interfacing component on a single die of a silicon chip. Microcontrollers are also commonly referred to as MCUs – short for Microcontroller Units, and are set to perform specified operations. While microprocessors are used in PCs, and are designed to perform all sorts of tasks, microcontrollers are tailored for specific control purposes which are apparent in automobiles, health care devices, remote controls and office machines among others. Working Principle of Microcontrollers A microcontroller in a nutshell is a small computer chip specifically used for controlling an embedded system through instruction processing. The basic working principle can be expounded by determining the important parts and their functions...

  LoRa is  a low-power, long-range wireless communication technology that enables devices to transmit small amounts of data over extended distances .  It's designed for applications in the Internet of Things (IoT) that require low data rates and long-range connectivity.  LoRa utilizes a patented spread spectrum modulation technique called Chirp Spread Spectrum (CSS), allowing for long-range communication and resilience to interference.   Key Features and Benefits: Long Range: LoRa can communicate up to 20 km in line of sight, making it suitable for applications with wide geographical coverage.   Low Power Consumption: Its low power consumption allows for long battery life, potentially exceeding 10 years for some devices, says Renesas.   Low Data Rate: LoRa is designed for transmitting small amounts of data at low data rates, making it ideal for IoT applications that don't require high bandwidth.   Spread Spectrum Modulation: LoRa uses spread spect...

One of the most exciting developments in electrical engineering is the advent of smart grids. These are electrical grids that leverage advanced sensors, automation, and real-time data to monitor and manage energy distribution. The integration of the Internet of Things (IoT) with smart grids allows for better demand-response systems, predictive maintenance, and energy optimization. Engineers are increasingly focused on creating more resilient and flexible electrical systems that can adapt to changing demands, integrate renewable energy, and respond to outages faster. This will result in more reliable power delivery, improved energy efficiency, and cost savings for consumers.

  ESP32-S3 LoRaWAN board takes up to 100W power input OBJEX Link S3LW is a small development board based on the ultra-low-power ELPM-S3LW module with ESP32-S3 MCU and LoRaWAN connectivity and the ability to take 100W input via USB-C or a 2-pin terminal block for driving motors, controlling RGB LED strips, and other high-power projects. It’s compliant with the USB PD standard, features two 28-pin headers and a STEMMA I2C connector for expansion, as well as a built-in CP2102/CP2104 USB to serial bridge for debugging, and a few buttons.  The company also offers an OBJEX ELPM-S3 module and OBJEX Link S3 board with the same features, minus LoRa/LoRaWAN support. OBJEX Link S3LW OBJEX Link S3LW specifications: Wireless module ELPM-S3LW v1.2 Wireless SoC – ESP32-S3FN8 CPU – Dual-core 32-bit Xtensa LX7 microcontroller with AI vector instructions up to 240MHz, RISC-V ULP co-processor Memory – 512KB SRAM Storage – 8MB flash Wireless – 2.4GHz WiFi 4 (802.11b/g/n), Bluetooth 5.0 BLE + Mesh...

  Construction of Reluctance Motor The construction of this motor is shown below. The designing of this can be done by removing the teeth in four locations to form a four-pole structure. The rings at two ends are short-circuited. Once the stator of the motor is aligned to a single-phase supply, the motor works like a  single-phase induction motor .  Once the motor’s speed reaches the highest level of synchronous speed, then a centrifugal switch will detach the auxiliary winding.  The motor increases the speed like a single-phase motor through the major winding in process. Reluctance Motor Construction The torque of this motor can be generated because of the rotor tendency to connect itself in the least reluctance position, once the motor speed is nearer to the synchronous speed. Therefore, the rotor drags in synchronism. The inertia of load must be in the limits for suitable effectiveness.  At synchronization, the torque of induction will disappear, except the r...